Journal
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
Volume 29, Issue 12, Pages 2161-U385Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.194464
Keywords
GTP cyclohydrolase I; tetrahydrobiopterin; phosphorylation
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [HL080468, HL71214, HL067244]
- American Heart Association [09POST2250335]
- Wisconsin Partnership Funds for a Healthy Future
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Objective-The posttranslational regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH-1), the rate-limiting enzyme for tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, remains elusive. Here, we identified specific phosphorylation sites on GCH-1 and characterized the function of these sites. Methods and Results-Mass spectrometry studies showed overexpressed rat GCH-1 was phosphorylated at serine (S) 51, S167, and threonine (T) 231 in HEK293 cells, whereas a computational analysis of GCH-1 revealed 8 potential phosphorylation sites (S51, S72, T85, T91, T103, S130, S167 and T231). GCH-1 activity and BH4 were significantly decreased in cells transfected with the phospho-defective mutants (S72A, T85A, T91A, T103A, or S130A) and increased in cells transfected with the T231A mutant. BH4 and BH2 were increased in cells transfected with S51E, S72E, T85E, T91E, T103D, or T130D mutants, but decreased in cells transfected with the T231D mutant, whereas cells transfected with the S167A or the S167E mutant had increased BH2. Additionally, cells transfected with the T231A mutant had reduced GCH-1 nuclear localization and nuclear GCH-1 activity. Conclusion-Our data suggest GCH-1 activity is regulated either positively by phosphorylation S51, S72, T85, T91, T103, and S130, or negatively at T231. Such information might be useful in designing new therapies aiming at improving BH4 bioavailability. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29:2161-2168.)
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