Ecological, behavioral, and life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West Africa

Identifying the biological traits of species that predispose them to extinction is a focus of research in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. This research has traditionally been divided between studies of extinction or decline in undisturbed habitat islands and studies of the persistence of species affected adversely by human influence. I combined these approaches to test for correlations between nine ecological, behavioral, and life-history traits and vulnerability to local extinction for 41 species of carnivores, primates, and ungulates in fragmented and exploited habitats in Ghana, West Africa, while accounting statistically for phylogeny. Species distributed in isolated populations were most prone to local extinction, and monogamous species and those wherein males defended small harems were also prone to extinction. Body size, fecundity, abundance, habitat specialization, trophic group, and the degree to which hunters and consumers preferred a species generally were unrelated to species persistence. Although population isolation and mating system were the only traits that explained a significant amount of the observed variation in persistence of all species, analyses of carnivores, primates, and ungulates as groups yielded varied results. Mammals most prone to local extinction in my study reserves were also those listed by the World Conservation Union as being at greatest risk of global extinction. Thus, my results suggest that the relative isolation of populations and the mating system displayed by mammals may be good general predictors of their persistence.