Regeneration of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A.!Rich.) on karstic lands in Turkey

Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) is significant from the historical, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and economic perspectives. It is presently found primarily in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey with extensive and magnificent forests. Historical records also indicate extensive and splendid forests of it in Syria and Lebanon. However, heavy cutting, burning and goat grazing for the past 5000 years have left only small populations in these countries. Although the same disturbances have continued in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the almost inaccessible topography of the Taurus Mountains has prevented Lebanon cedar from being extirpated. This review article was based on the analysis and evaluations of the related publications both in the indigenous and international journals. The results of the several research reveal that both shelterwood and clearcutting methods could be applied to the Lebanon cedar forests considering ecological conditions. If every protection measures was taken, group or large group methods could also be carried out by extending the specific regeneration period. In addition, percent of Lebanon cedar seedlings were higher and seedlings were more vigorous when the natural regeneration methods were combined with prescribed fire. Broadcast seeding was a successful artificial generation method for Lebanon cedar in bare karstic lands, and 25,335 ha area reforested using this method which 80% success was achieved. It has also a good adaptability and survival rate when planted on suitable sites outside its natural range. Turkish Forest Service has planted about 103,500 ha of Lebanon cedar both inside (52,500 ha) and outside (5 1,000 ha) of its range. The success of the plantings were, in general, between 70-90 and 50-80% inside and outside of its range, respectively. The natural forests of Lebanon cedar are among the most important natural monuments and cultural treasures to be conserved for the future generations. Moreover, expansion of population size of Lebanon cedar through reforesting bare karstic lands resulted from the destruction of this species on Taurus Mountains must be the primary task. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.