Economically pertinent continuous amide formation by direct lipase-catalyzed amidation with ammonia

An economically pertinent process for the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of amides was developed. A continuous plug flow reactor was used. The model reaction was the production of oleamide, a lubricant and anti-slip agent, via direct Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed amidation of oleic acid with ammonia. Of all solvents tested, 2-methyl-2-butanol was found to respond optimally to the demands formulated in our specifications. A continuous conversion of oleic acid into oleamide of 85% was obtained. A productivity of 4.5 tons oleamide per kg of enzyme per year was calculated, indicating a contribution of enzyme to the product price of only 4%. The volumetric productivity, 100 g . L-1 . h(-1), is 4 to 100 times higher than in literature procedures. A simple crystallization procedure leads to 99% purity. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.