Journal
STATISTICAL MODELLING
Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 127-153Publisher
ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC
DOI: 10.1191/1471082X03st052oa
Keywords
educational grades; GCE Advanced Level; logit; MLwiN; MULTICAT; multilevel models; nonproportional odds; ordinal responses
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In multilevel situations graded category responses are often converted to points scores and linear models for continuous normal responses fitted. This is particularly prevalent in educational research. Generalized multilevel ordinal models for response categories are developed and contrasted in some respects with these normal models. Attention is given to the analysis of a large database of the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level examinations in England and Wales. Ordinal models appear to have advantages in facilitating the study of institutional differences in more detail. Of particular importance is the flexibility offered by logit models with nonproportionally changing odds. Examples are given of the richer contrasts of institutional and subgroup differences that may be evaluated. Appropriate widely available software for this approach is also discussed.
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