Journal
ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY
Volume 84, Issue 12, Pages 957-966Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0592-y
Keywords
Food phytochemicals; TCDD, DDT, macrophages; Inflammatory responses; AhR; COX-2
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Funding
- Susan G. Komen [FAS0703859]
- NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA [R01-ES0-5233, R21ES15846, P30-ES05707]
- American Heart Association Western Affiliate [0765056Y]
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To assess the effectiveness of selected food phytochemicals in reducing the toxic effects of the environmental toxicants, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and p,p'-DDT (DDT), we tested the potencies of auraptene, nobiletin, zerumbone, and (+/-)-13-hydroxy-10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (13-HOA) in reversing the inflammatory action of these toxicants in U937 human macrophages. Using quantitative RT-PCR as the initial screening assay, we identified antagonistic actions of zerumbone and auraptene against the action of TCDD and DDT in up-regulating the mRNA expressions of COX-2 and VEGF. The functional significance of the inhibitory action of zerumbone on COX-2 expression was confirmed by demonstrating its suppression of TCDD-induced activation of COX-2 gene expression in mouse MMDD1 cells. We tested auraptene on DDT-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in U937 macrophages and found that auraptene is a powerful agent antagonizing this action of DDT. To confirm the significance of these actions of zerumbone and auraptene at the cellular level, we assessed their influence on TCDD-induced apoptosis resistance in intact U937 macrophages and found that they are capable of reversing this action of TCDD. In conclusion, zerumbone and auraptene were identified to be the most effective agents in protecting U937 macrophages from developing these cell toxic effects of TCDD and DDT.
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