Journal
TRANSGENIC RESEARCH
Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 379-389Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1023/A:1024267416522
Keywords
electroporation; freeze and disease resistance; gene gun method; gene transfer; growth enhancement; transgenic fish
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Over the past 15 years researchers have generated stable lines of several species of transgenic fish important for aquaculture. 'All-fish' growth hormone (GH) gene constructs and antifreeze protein (AFP) genes have been successfully introduced into the fish genome resulting in a significant acceleration of growth rate and an increase in cold and freeze tolerance. However, neither gene modification is completely understood; there are still questions to be resolved. Expression rates are still low, producing variable growth enhancement rates and less than desired levels of freeze resistance. Transgene strategies are also being developed to provide improved pathogen resistance and modified metabolism for better utilization of the diet. Additional challenges are to tailor the genetically modified fish strains to prevent release of the modified genes into the environment.
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