Journal
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS
Volume 36, Issue 15, Pages R259-R276Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/36/15/201
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Soft x-ray lasers in the 3.5-50 nm wavelength range have been developed in many laboratories. The shortest wavelengths and highest output irradiances have been produced using plasmas created by optical lasers as the lasing medium. The optical laser is focused into a line on a solid target and the x-ray laser action occurs by amplification along the line with sufficiently high gain that mirrors are not needed. Population inversions are produced by free-electron collisions exciting bound electrons into metastable levels in neon- and nickel-like ions. This topical review presents a summary of the atomic, plasma and propagation physics of x-ray lasers created in this way.
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