The small nucleoid-binding proteins H-NS, HU, and Fis affect hilA expression in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

hiLA encodes an activator of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium virulence genes and is transcriptionally modulated by environmental conditions. We show that H-NS represses hiLA under low-osmolarity conditions. H-NS, HU, and Fis also appear to affect the derepression of hiLA by HilD. Modulation of hilA by counteracting repressing and derepressing mechanisms may allow Salmonella serovar Typhimurium to regulate its virulence genes in response to different situations in vivo.