Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
Volume 91, Issue 12, Pages -Publisher
AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.120403
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A quantum state can be understood in a loose sense as a map that assigns a value to every observable. Formalizing this characterization of states in terms of generalized probability distributions on the set of effects, we obtain a simple proof of the result, analogous to Gleason's theorem, that any quantum state is given by a density operator. As a corollary we obtain a von Neumann-type argument against noncontextual hidden variables. It follows that on an individual interpretation of quantum mechanics the values of effects are appropriately understood as propensities.
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