Journal
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY
Volume 42, Issue 7, Pages 1218-1223Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00946-X
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OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the nutrition adequacy and energy availability for physical activity in free-living, clinically stable patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). BACKGROUND Little information exists regarding the nutrition adequacy and alimentary habits of patients with clinically stable CHF. We hypothesized that CHF patients have an inadequate intake of calories and protein, leading to a negative calorie and nitrogen balance, an expression of increased tissue breakdown. METHODS In 57 non-obese patients with CHF (52 males and 5 females; 52 +/- 3 years; body mass index <25 kg/m(2)) and in 49 healthy subjects (39 males and 10 females) matched for age, body mass index, and sedentary life style we evaluated total energy expenditure (TEE), calorie intake (kcal(I)), and nitrogen intake (N-I) from a seven-day food diary, total nitrogen excretion (TNE), and energy availability (EA = kcal(I) - resting energy expenditure). A zero calorie balance (CB) occurred when kcal(I) = TEE; a nitrogen balance (NB) in equilibrium was set at NB N-I - TNE) 0 +/- 1 g/day. RESULTS In patients and controls kcal(I) and N-I were similar. However, in CHF patients the kcal(I) was
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