Journal
CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS
Volume 14, Issue 5, Pages 391-407Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-6101(03)00044-3
Keywords
TGF beta; heart; vasculature; development; physiology
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Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [HL58511, R01 HL070174, HL70174] Funding Source: Medline
- NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD026471, HD26471] Funding Source: Medline
- NIEHS NIH HHS [P30 ES006096, ES06096] Funding Source: Medline
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Transforming growth factor betas (TGFbetas) are pleiotropic cytokines involved in many biological processes. Genetic engineering and tissue explanation studies have revealed specific non-overlapping roles for TGFbeta ligands and their signaling molecules in development and in normal function of the cardiovascular system in the adult. In the embryo, TGFbetas appear to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transformations (EMT) during endocardial cushion formation, and in epicardial epithelial-mesenchymal transformations essential for coronary vasculature, ventricular myocardial development and compaction. In the adult, TGFbetas are involved in cardiac hypertrophy, vascular remodeling and regulation of the renal renin-angiotensin system. The evidence for TGFbeta activities during cardiovascular development and physiologic function will be given and areas which need further investigation will be discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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