Structural insights into single-stranded DNA binding and cleavage by F factor tral

Conjugative plasmid transfer between bacteria disseminates antibiotic resistance and diversifies prokaryotic genomes. Relaxases, proteins essential for conjugation, cleave one plasmid strand sequence specifically prior to transfer. Cleavage occurs through a Mg2+-dependent transesterification involving a tyrosyl hydroxyl and a DNA phosphate. The structure of the F plasmid Tral relaxase domain, described here, is a five-strand beta sheet flanked by alpha helices. The protein resembles replication initiator protein AAV-5 Rep but is circularly permuted, yielding a different topology. The beta sheet forms a binding cleft lined with neutral, nonaromatic residues, unlike most single-stranded DNA binding proteins which use aromatic and charged residues. The cleft contains depressions, suggesting base recognition occurs in a knob-into-hole fashion. Unlike most nucleases, three histidines but no acidic residues coordinate a Mg2+ located near the catalytic tyrosine. The full positive charge on the Mg2+ and the architecture of the active site suggest multiple roles for Mg2+ in DNA cleavage.