Seven decades of stand development in mixed and pure stands of conifers and nitrogen-fixing red alder

Early insights on the effects of N-2-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) on conifer forests came largely from two, case studies dating from the 1920s at Wind River, Washington (low soil N), and Cascade Head, Oregon (high soil N). These classic experiments were remeasured after 70 years of stand development. The pure conifer stand at Wind River showed near-zero net increment in stem mass for the past 20 years, with stem mass remaining near 120 Mg/ha. Conifer stem mass in the mixed stand continued to increase at 4.5 Mg.ha(-1).year(-1), reaching 230 Mg/ha at age 72. The alder mass declined over this period from about 70 Mg/ha near age 50 to just 10 Mg/ha at age 72 as a result of increasing dominance of tall Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. The pure conifer plot at Cascade Head reached a stem mass of 600 Mg/ha at age 74 years compared with 312 Mg/ha in the mixed stand (conifers, 200 Mg/ha; alder, 112 Mg/ha) and 173 Mg/ha in the pure alder plot. The long-term impacts of alder appeared to remain very strong after seven decades, greatly increasing ecosystem productivity at the N-poor Wind River site and reducing productivity at the N-rich Cascade Head site.