Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW A
Volume 68, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.063602
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We consider insulating phases of cold spin-1 bosonic particles with antiferromagnetic interactions, such as Na-23, in optical lattices. We show that spin-exchange interactions give rise to several distinct phases, which differ in their spin correlations. In two- and three-dimensional lattices, insulating phases with an odd number of particles per site are always nematic. For insulating states with an even number of particles per site, there is always a spin-singlet phase, and there may also be a first-order transition into the nematic phase. The nematic phase breaks spin rotational symmetry but preserves time reversal symmetry, and has gapless spin-wave excitations. The spin-singlet phase does not break spin symmetry and has a gap to all excitations. In one-dimensional lattices, insulating phases with an odd number of particles per site always have a regime where translational symmetry is broken and the ground state is dimerized. We discuss signatures of various phases in Bragg scattering and time-of-flight measurements.
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