Bacterioneuston control of air-water methane exchange determined with a laboratory gas exchange tank

The apparent transfer velocities (k(w)) of CH4, N2O, and SF6 were determined for gas invasion and evasion in a closed laboratory exchange tank. Tank water (pure Milli-RO(R) water or artificial seawater prepared in Milli-RO(R)) and/or tank air gas compositions were adjusted, with monitoring of subsequent gas transfer by gas chromatography. Derived k(w) was converted to apparent k(600),'' the value for CO2 in freshwater at 20degreesC. For CH4, analytical constraints precluded estimating apparent k(600) based on tank air measurements. In some experiments we added strains of live methanotrophs. In others we added chemically deactivated methanotrophs, non-CH4 oxidizers (Vibrio), or bacterially associated surfactants, as controls. For all individual controls, apparent k(600) estimated from CH4, N2O, or SF6 was indistinguishable. However, invasive estimates always exceeded evasive estimates, implying some control of gas invasion by bubbles. Estimates of apparent k(600) differed significantly between methanotroph strains, possibly reflecting species-specific surfactant release. For individual strains during gas invasion, apparent k(600) estimated from CH4, N2O, or SF6 was indistinguishable, whereas during gas evasion, k(600)-CH4 was significantly higher than either k(600)-N2O or k(600)-SF6, which were identical. Hence evasive k(600)-CH4/k(600)-SF6 was always significantly above unity, whereas invasive k(600)-CH4/k(600)-SF6 was not significantly different from unity. Similarly, k(600)-CH4/k(600)-SF6 for the controls and k(600)-N2O/k(600)-SF6 for all experiments did not differ significantly from unity. Our results are consistent with active metabolic control of CH4 exchange by added methanotrophs in the tank microlayer, giving enhancements of similar to12+/-10% for k(600)-CH4. Hence reactive trace gas fluxes determined by conventional tracer methods at sea may be in error, prompting a need for detailed study of the role of the sea surface microlayer in gas exchange.