Fos-like immunoreactive neurons following electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray at freezing and escape thresholds

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal regions of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) leads to defensive reactions characterized as freezing and escape responses. Until recently it was thought that this freezing behavior could be due to the recruitment of neural circuits in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vIPAG), while escape would be mediated by other pathways. Nowadays, this view has been changing mainly because of evidence that freezing and escape behaviors thus elicited are not altered after lesions of the vIPAG. It has been suggested that there are at least two pathways for periaqueductal gray-mediated defensive responses, one involving the hypothalamus and the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) which mediates responses to immediate danger and another one involving the amygdala and vIPAG which mediates cue-elicited responses, either learned or innate. To examine this issue further we measured Fos protein expression in brain areas activated by electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral PAG (dIPAG) at the freezing and escape thresholds. The data obtained showed that freezing-provoking stimulation caused increases in Fos expression in the dorsomedial PAG (dmPAG), while escape-provoking stimulation led to increases at both dmPAG and dIPAG. Surprisingly, neither escape- nor freezing-provoking stimulations altered Fos expression in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA). Escape-provoking stimulation caused increased Fos expression in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), dorsal premammilary nucleus (PMd) and in the cuneiform nucleus. Significant increases in Fos labeling were found in the dmPAG and PMd following freezing-provoking stimulation. Therefore, the present data support the notion of a neural segregation for defensive behaviors in the dorsal columns of PAG, with increased Fos expression in the dmPAG following freezing, while dIPAG is affected by both freezing and escape responses. dIPAG, CnF, VMH and PMd are part of a brain aversion network activated by fear unconditioned stimuli. The present data also suggests that the defensive responses generated at the dIPAG level do not recruit the neural circuits of the vIPAG and CeA usually activated by conditioned fear stimuli. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.