Bioluminescence imaging of wave-induced turbulence

[1] The ability to measure turbulent processes on small spatial and temporal scales is a long standing problem in physical oceanography. Here we explore a novel means of measuring fluid shear stress using the cell flashing behavior of bioluminescent dinoflagellates. To illustrate this technique, we present estimates of the heterogeneous, time-varying shear stress inside a breaking wave crest. These results have implications for a better understanding of upper ocean wave physics, air-sea gas transfer, and the biology of planktonic near-surface organisms as well as providing a new quantitative fluid visualization tool.