A (4R)- or a (4S)-fluoroproline residue in position xaa of the (Xaa-Yaa-Gly) collagen repeat severely affects triple-helix formation

The triple-helical fold of collagen requires the presence of a glycine residue at every third position in the peptide sequence and is stabilized by proline and (4R)-4-hydroxyproline residues in positions Xaa and Yaa of the (Xaa-Yaa-Gly) triplets, respectively. Regular down/up puckering of these Xaa/Yaa residues is possibly responsible for the tight packing of the three peptide strands, which have a polyproline-II-like structure, into the supercoiled helix. (4R)-Configured electronegative substituents such as a hydroxy group or a fluorine substituent on the pyrrolidine ring of the residue in the Yaa position favor the up pucker and thus significantly stabilize the triple helix. A similar effect was expected from the corresponding (4S)-isomers in the Xaa positions, but the opposite effect has been observed with (4S)-hydroxyproline, a result that has been speculatively attributed to steric effects. In this study, (4R)- and (4S)- fluoroproline residues were introduced into the Xaa position and potential steric effects were this avoided. Contrary to expectations, (4S)-fluoroproline prevents triple-helix formation, whereas (4R)- fluoroproline stabilizes the polyPro II conformation, but without supercoiling of the three strands. The latter observation suggests that folding of the single chains into a polyproline II helix is not directly associated with triple helix formation and that fine tuning of van der Waals contacts, electrostatic interactions, and stereo-electronic effects is required for optimal packing into a triple helix.