Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 101, Issue 2, Pages 591-596Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2535911100
Keywords
tumor angiogenesis; prostaglandin E-2 receptors; mammary cancer
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA095181, CA95181] Funding Source: Medline
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overexpression of human cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the mammary glands of transgenic mice induces tissue-specific tumorigenic transformation. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not yet defined. Here we show that COX-2 expressed in the epithelial cell compartment regulates angiogenesis in the stromal tissues of the mammary gland. Microvessel density increased before visible tumor growth and exponentially during tumor progression. Inhibition of prostanoid synthesis with indomethacin strongly decreased microvessel density and inhibited tumor progression. Up-regulation of angiogenic regulatory genes in COX-2 transgenic mammary tissue was also potently inhibited by indomethacin treatment, suggesting that prostanoids released from COX-2-expressing mammary epithelial cells induce angiogenesis. G protein-coupled receptors for the major product, prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) EP1-4, are expressed during mammary gland development, and EP1,2,4 receptors were up-regulated in tumor tissue. PGE(2) stimulated the expression angiogenic regulatory genes in mammary tumor cells isolated from COX-2 transgenic mice. Such cells are tumorigenic in nude mice; however, treatment with Celecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, reduced tumor growth and microvessel density. These results define COX-2-derived PGE(2) as a potent inducer of angiogenic switch during mammary cancer progression.
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