Hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition limits cytomegalovirus infection in human endothelial cells

Background - Statins exert anti-inflammatory effects independently of cholesterol- lowering properties. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection appears to be implicated in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis by inducing inflammatory modifications in endothelial cells, especially in immunosuppressed patients. We investigated whether the activity of statins can inhibit replication of CMV in human endothelial cells. Methods and Results - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were infected with CMV and coincubated with fluvastatin at 0.1 and 0.2 mumol/L. Fluvastatin inhibited ( P < 0.001) CMV antigen expression, and this effect was dose related ( P < 0.001). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that CMV DNA concentration was consistently lower in supernatants from fluvastatin-treated cells than in infected controls, and viral particle concentration was up to 30 times lower in 0.2 mumol/L fluvastatin-treated cells than in infected controls ( 10.5 +/- 0.9 versus 0.34 +/- 0.03 per 103 pfu/mL, P < 0.001). Addition of mevalonate to treated cultures almost completely abolished fluvastatin inhibition of viral growth. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that fluvastatin reduced nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity in CMV-infected cells. Conclusions - HMG-CoA inhibition by fluvastatin restrains CMV replication in HUVECs by inhibiting viral antigen expression, DNA synthesis, and viral particle production, conceivably by involving a reduction of nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity.