Electrochemical capillary cells

Capillary based microcells are universal tools for electrochemical surface investigations and modifications in the micrometre range. They can be used as scanning probes and the complete range of common techniques, potential measurement, potentiostatic control in three electrode configuration, transients from pulse and sweep techniques, and impedance spectroscopy is covered. Currents in the range from a few pA cm(2) to some hundreds of A cm(2) can be realised. Surface stimulation by electrolyte flow, friction, particle impact, light and more complex applications such as concentration measurements. pH control, and microreactors have been achieved through the use of capillary cells.