Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 after segmental allergen challenge and their effects on α-smooth muscle actin and collagen III synthesis by primary human lung fibroblasts

Rationale Asthmatic airway remodelling is characterized by myofibroblast hyperplasia and subbasement membrane collagen deposition. We hypothesized that cytokines and growth factors implicated in asthmatic airway remodelling are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatics after segmental allergen challenge (SAC), and that these growth factors and cytokines increase alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and collagen III synthesis by human lung fibroblasts (HLFs). Methods Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, TGF-beta2, IL-4 and IL-13 levels were measured in BAL fluid from 10 asthmatics and 9 non-asthmatic controls at baseline and then 1 day, 1 week and 2 weeks after SAC. Confluent cultures of HLFs were stimulated by exogenous addition of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, IL-4 or IL-13 (concentration range 0.01-10 ng/mL) over 48 h. Collagen III was measured in culture supernates and alpha-SMA in cell lysates by Western blot. Results At baseline, there was no difference in BAL fluid concentrations of TGF-beta1, IL-4 and IL-13 between asthmatics and controls; however, non-asthmatics had higher concentrations of total TGF-beta2. In asthmatics, BAL fluid concentrations of all four factors increased significantly 1 day after SAC. TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and IL-13 concentrations returned to baseline by 1 week after SAC, but BAL fluid IL-4 concentration remained elevated for at least 2 weeks. TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and IL-4 significantly increased alpha-SMA in fibroblasts, but only IL-4 caused corresponding increases in collagen III synthesis. IL-13 had no direct effects on collagen III synthesis and alpha-SMA expression. Conclusions Because IL-4 caused a dose-dependent increase in alpha-SMA and collagen III synthesis, it may be an important cytokine mediating asthmatic airway remodelling. TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 may also play a role in airway remodelling by stimulating phenotypic change of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Additionally, collagen III synthesis appears to be independent of myofibroblast phenotype and is apparently regulated by different growth factors and cytokines.