Social connectedness in marginal rural China: The case of farmer innovation circles in Zhidan, north Shaanxi

The intrinsic dynamics and innovative potential of the rural poor in China can be illustrated by the phenomena of farmer innovation circles (FIC) in north Shaanxi. These are informal networks used by farmers to collaborate on technology learning and agricultural production. Though not limited to specific geographic locations, these circles are particularly important in the marginal areas of rural China where the complexity of the geographic environment, the diversity of farmer demands, and the inefficiency of formal agricultural extension networks impede the spread of new agricultural technologies. Social connectedness in the form of household communication networks, technology learning groups, and inter-village links aids people's collective capacity to work together. In the study of 50 villages in this remote region, it was found that households with more connections were more likely to adopt a range of new technologies (ploughs, varieties, inputs, orchards, afforestation, grazing land rehabilitation), and so had higher income. A detailed case study shows how collective action can lead to environmental improvements that further increase incomes. It is concluded that if there is to be sustainable development in the marginal areas of China, then there will clearly need to be closer communication and interaction between agricultural professionals and rural communities.