Formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in model systems

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic substances that are formed in significant amounts during heating of meat or fish at temperatures of at least 150degreesC. To investigate the chemistry lying behind the formation of these harmful substances model systems were established. The first aim was to identify the naturally occurring precursors, namely creatinine, amino acids and carbohydrates. Later these model systems were used to develop strategies for a reduction of the content of the heterocyclic aromatic amines and for the evaluation of the reaction mechanisms that lead to the formation of these substances. All these aspects are discussed in this review. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.