Journal
ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS
Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages 589-601Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.024
Keywords
sonophoresis; phonophoresis; ultrasound; cavitation; stratum corneum; topical
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Application of ultrasound enhances skin permeability to a variety of molecules (sonophoresis). The enhancement induced by ultrasound is particularly significant at low-frequencies (f< 100 kHz, low-frequency sonophoresis). This review summarizes mechanisms and applications of low-frequency sonophoresis. In vitro, in vivo, as well as clinical studies demonstrating the effect of low-frequency ultrasound on transdermal drug delivery and glucose extraction are summarized. Mechanistic insights gained through a number of investigations are also reviewed. Finally, reports on the synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound with other enhancers including chemicals and iontophoresis are summarized. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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