Journal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Volume 101, Issue 13, Pages 4631-4636Publisher
NATL ACAD SCIENCES
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400522101
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Our work was motivated by discoveries of prokaryotic communities that survive with little nutrient in ice and permafrost with implications for past or present microbial life in Martian permafrost and Europan ice. We compared the temperature dependence of metabolic rates of microbial communities in permafrost, ice, snow, clouds, oceans, lakes, marine and freshwater sediments, and subsurface aquifer sediments. Metabolic rates per cell fall into three groupings: (i) a rate, mu(g)(T), for growth, measured in the laboratory at in situ temperatures with minimal disturbance of the medium; (ii) a rate, mu(m)(T), sufficient for maintenance of functions but for a nutrient level too low for growth; and (iii) a rate, mu(s)(T), for survival of communities imprisoned in deep glacial ice, subsurface sediment or ocean sediment, in which they can repair macromolecular damage but are probably largely dormant. The three groups have metabolic rates consistent with a single activation energy of approximate to110 U and that scale as mu(g)(T):mu(m)(T):mu(s)(T) approximate to 10(6):10(3):1. There is no evidence of a minimum temperature for metabolism. The rate at -40degreesC in ice corresponds to approximate to10 turnovers of cellular carbon per billion years. Microbes in ice and permafrost have metabolic rates similar to those in water, soil, and sediment at the same temperature. This finding supports the view that, far below the freezing point, liquid water inside ice and permafrost is available for metabolism. The rate mu(s)(T) for repairing molecular damage by means of DNA-repair enzymes and protein-repair enzymes such as methyltransferase is found to be comparable to the rate of spontaneous molecular damage.
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