Heterogeneity of diabetes phenotype in patients with 3243 bp mutation of mitochondrial DNA (Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness or MIDD)

Objective: In patients with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), due to 3 243 A > G mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), diabetes may present with variable phenotypes. Objective: To ascertain the existence of two distinct phenotypes, MIDD1 and MIDD2, in a series of patients with MIDD. Design: Multicenter prospective study. Patients: 77 patients with diabetes and the mtDNA 3243 mutation and 139 control patients with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 (T2D) diabetes, matched according to initial presentation of diabetes, age at onset, sex, and duration of diabetes (24 T1D and 115 T2D, including 55 treated with insulin). Measurements: Anthropometric characteristics (height, body weight, body mass index [BMI], sex), family history of diabetes, and characteristics of diabetes (age at onset, treatment, hemoglobin A, [HbA(1c)]), extrapancreatic manifestations. Results: In 13 cases (17%, MIDD1), diabetes presented as insulin-dependent from the onset, with ketoacidosis in 6 cases. In 64 cases (83%, MIDD2), diabetes resembled T2D, and was treated with diet in 12 cases, oral hypoglycemic agents in 21 cases, or insulin in 31 cases. Compared with patients with MIDD2, patients with MIDD1 were characterized by lower age at onset of first manifestation of MIDD (25.4 +/- 9.6 vs 33.7 +/- 13.2 years, P < 0.0005), lower body weight (49.1 +/- 7.4 vs 56.3 +/- 10.9 kg, P < 0.0025), lower BMI (18.2 +/- 2.3 vs 20.9 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2), P < 0.0005), and higher HbA(1c) levels (9.5 +/- 2.0 vs 7.5 +/- 1.6%, P < 0.0005). Frequency of family history of diabetes and of extrapancreatic manifestations was the same in both MIDD subtypes. No difference was found within the MIDD2 subtype when comparing patients treated with or without insulin. Compared with matched controls, patients with MIDD had a lower BMI (MIDD1/T1D 18.2 +/- 2.3 vs 24.0 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2) and MIDD2/T2D 20.9 +/- 3.6 vs 30.2 +/- 5.9 kg/m(2), P < 0.0025). Lastly, male patients with MIDD had a shorter height than controls (MIDD1/T1D: 166.1 +/- 3.2 vs 177.3 +/- 6.6 cm and MIDD2/T2D: 168.4 +/- 7.2 vs 173.6 +/- 6.6 cm P < 0.025). Conclusions: These results confirm the existence of two different phenotypes in MIDD, MIDD1 and MIDD2, which may be related to the severity of the mitochondrial disease. The role of other genetic and/or environmental factors in the variable phenotype of MIDD remains to be elucidated.