Depth dependence of permeability in the Oregon Cascades inferred from hydrogeologic, thermal, seismic, and magmatic modeling constraints

[1] We investigate the decrease in permeability, k, with depth, z, in the Oregon Cascades employing four different methods. Each method provides insight into the average permeability applicable to a different depth scale. Spring discharge models are used to infer shallow (z < 0.1 km) horizontal permeabilities. Coupled heat and groundwater flow simulations provide horizontal and vertical k for z < 1 km. Statistical investigations of the occurrences of earthquakes that are probably triggered by seasonal groundwater recharge yield vertical k for z < 5 km. Finally, considerations of magma intrusion rates and water devolatilization provide estimates of vertical k for z < 15 km. For depths > 0.8 km, our results agree with the power law relationship, k = 10(-14) m(2) (z/1 km)(-3.2), suggested by Manning and Ingebritsen [1999] for continental crust in general. However, for shallower depths (typically z less than or equal to 0.8 km and up to z less than or equal to 2) we propose an exponential relationship, k = 5 x 10(-13) m(2) exp (-z/0.25 km), that both fits data better ( at least for the Cascades and seemingly for continental crust in general) and allows for a finite near-surface permeability and no singularity at zero depth. In addition, the suggested functions yield a smooth transition at z = 0.8 km, where their permeabilities and their gradients are similar. Permeabilities inferred from the hydroseismicity model at Mount Hood are about one order of magnitude larger than expected from the above power law. However, higher permeabilities in this region may be consistent with advective heat transfer along active faults, causing observed hot springs. Our simulations suggest groundwater recharge rates of 0.5 less than or equal to u(R) less than or equal to 1 m/yr and a mean background heat flow of H-b approximate to 0.080-0.134 W/m(2) for the investigated region.