Control of miniature proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on fuzzy logic

A control strategy is presented in this paper which is suitable for miniature hydrogen/air proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The control approach is based on process modelling using fuzzy logic and tested using a PEM stack consisting of 15 cells with parallel channels on the cathode side and a meander-shaped flow-field on the anode side. The active area per cell is 8 cm(2). Commercially available materials are used for the bipolar plates, gas diffusion layers and the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). It is concluded from a simple water balance model that water management at different temperatures can be achieved by controlling the air stoichiometry. This is achieved by varying the fan voltage for the air supply of the PEM stack. A control strategy of the Takagi Sugeno Kang (TSK) type, based on fuzzy logic, is presented. The TSK-type controller offers the advantage that the system output can be computed in an efficient way: the rule consequents of the controller combine the system variables in linear equations. It is shown experimentally that drying out of the membrane at high temperatures can be monitored by measuring the ac impedance of the fuel cell stack at a frequency of 1 kHz. Flooding of single cells leads to an abrupt drop of the corresponding single-cell voltage. Therefore, the fuzzy rule base consists of the ac impedance at 1 kHz and all single-cell voltages. The parameters of the fuzzy rule base are determined by plotting characteristic diagrams of the fuel cell stack at constant temperatures. The fuel cell stack can be controlled at T = 60 degreesC up to a power level of 7.5 W. The fuel cell stack is controlled successfully even when the external electric load changes. At T = 65 degreesC, a maximum power level of 8 W is found. A decrease of the maximum power level is observed for higher temperatures. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.