Journal
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
Volume 49, Issue 11, Pages 1823-1830Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.11.032
Keywords
Li-ion battery; Mg-doped spinels; oxygen stoichiometry; cycling behavior; Mn dissolution
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A new type of oxygen stoichiometric and Mg-doped LiMn2O4 spinel with improved crystallinity and decreased surface area was synthesized by a special two-step method: first, calcinate the mixture of metal oxides at ultra-high temperatures (950-1100 degreesC) to obtain an intermediate product with improved crystallinity, larger particle size and oxygen defects; then, anneal the intermediate at relatively low temperatures (600-800degreesC) with the addition of extra LiOH to achieve oxygen stoichiometry. These spinels with general formula Li1+xMgyMn2-x-yO4+delta or (Li, Mg, Mn)(3)O4+delta are oxygen-rich based on chemical analysis (O/(Li + Mg + Mn) ratio larger than 4:3), and they can be called oxygen stoichiometric spinels with metal cation vacancies and rewritten as [Li](8a)[Li(n)Mg(m)Mn(2-n-m-p)rectangle(p)](16d)[O-4](32e). This new kind of materials with controlled oxygen stoichiometry exhibited greatly improved cycling performance and reduced Mn dissolution at elevated temperatures over that of other Mg-doped materials prepared by conventional one-step method. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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