Journal
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 214-221Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500316
Keywords
N,N-dimethylformamide; biological monitoring; respiratory exposure; dermal exposure
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Objective: To evaluate whether the dermal exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exerts significant effects and to determine the unit increment of dermal exposure on the total body burden of two biomarkers in urine: metabolism-required N-methylformamide (U-NMF) and non-metabolized DMF (U-DMF) in actual occupational environments. Methods: Exposure via respiratory and dermal routes was assessed on an individual basis for 75 workers from four DMF-related factories directly exposed to DMF. Respiratory exposure was determined by breathing-zone sampling for a full-work shift, and dermal exposure was assessed on the palms and forearms of both hands by an adhesive tape-patch method. U-NMF and U-DMF collected immediately postshift were measured. Results: The average concentrations of airborne DMF, DMF on hands and on forearms, U-NMF, and U-DMF (GM) were 1.51 ppm, 0.04 mg/cm(2), 0.03 mg/cm(2), 0.47 mg/l, and 0.38 mg/l, respectively. In multiple linear regression tests, only airborne DMF and DMF on hands remained significantly (P < 0.001) associated with U-NMF and U-DMF. Based on model estimates, the unit increment of hands' exposure (mg/cm(2)) could contribute to 0.53 and 0.46 mg/l of the increment of U-NMF and U-DMF, respectively, given a daily occupational airborne exposure to DMF at about 1.5 ppm. Conclusions: Dermal exposure provides a substantial contribution to the total body burden of DMF. A control remedy such as the enforcement of wearing impermeable gloves by workers occupationally exposed to DMF should be implemented with the highest priority.
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