Height and adiposity among children

Objective: Although BMI (kilograms per meter squared) is widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity, it is moderately associated (r similar to 0.3) with height among children. We examined whether the resulting preferential classification of taller children as overweight, based on a BMI greater than or equal to95th percentile, is appropriate. Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed the cross-sectional relation of height among 5- to 18-year-old subjects (n = 1180) to levels of BMI, the sum of 10 skinfold thicknesses, and percentage body fat as determined by DXA. Results: The prevalence of a BMI level greater than or equal to95th percentile was substantially higher among 5- to 11-year-old subjects who were relatively tall for their age than among shorter children. Among 5- to 8-year-old boys, for example, each SD increase in height-for-age was associated with a 4.6-fold increase in the prevalence of overweight (p < 0.001). Height not only was associated with BMI but also showed similar correlations with the skinfold sum and with percentage body fat; furthermore, the magnitudes of these associations decreased with age. We also found that the association between percentage body fat and BMI (r = 0.85 to 0.90) was close to the maximum correlation that can be achieved by any weight-height index. Discussion: The use of BMI, which preferentially classifies taller young children as overweight, is appropriate because height and adiposity are correlated before the age of 12 years.