Platelet phospholipase A2 activity in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) controls the metabolism of phospholipids in cell membranes. In the brain, PLA(2) influences the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and thus the production of the amyloid-beta peptides (Abeta), which are the major components of the senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reduced PLA(2) activity has been reported in brain and in platelets of AD patients. In the present study we investigated PLA(2) activity in platelets from 21 AD patients as compared to 17 healthy elderly controls and 11 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Subjects were cognitively assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the CAMDEX schedule. Platelet PLA(2) activity was determined by radio-enzymatic assay, which mainly detected a calcium-independent form of the enzyme present also in the brain (iPLA(2)). PLA(2) activity was significantly lower in AD than in controls (p < 0.001). Mean PLA(2) activity in MCI individuals was between the values of AD patients and controls, with a subgroup showing PLA as low as the lowest AD patients, but the differences from MCI were not significant from AD and control groups. Lower PLA(2) activity was significantly correlated with a worse cognitive performance both at the MMSE (p = 0.001) and the cognitive sub-scale of the CAMDEX inventory (p = 0.002). Our data replicate previous findings of reduced platelet PLA(2) activity in AD. Both reduced PLA(2) activity and the correlation with impaired cognition were also reported in brain tissue of AD patients, suggesting thus that the present determinations in platelets may be related to a reduction in the brain. In the brain the inhibition of PLA(2) inhibits the physiological secretion of the APP, a mechanism that increases Abeta formation. Further longitudinal studies should investigate whether those MCI individuals with the lowest PLA(2) values in platelets would be at a higher risk to develop AD during a longitudinal follow up.