Ascomatal morphogenesis in Myxotrichum arcticum supports the derivation of the Myxotrichaceae from a discomycetous ancestor

Electron microscopy shows that ascomata of Myxotricum arcticum bear a striking resemblance to discocarps in morphogenesis and in previously overlooked aspects of gross morphology. Although mature ascomata of M. arcticum superficially resemble reticuloperidial cleistothecia common in the Onygenales, the bramble-like aggregation of thick-walled hyphae, previously considered to represent a closed peridium, forms a basket-like apothecium that overarches a distinct hymenium of stipitate, protunicate asci interspersed with paraphyses. There is no evidence of asci developing in chains and at different levels as is characteristic of the centrum of many Eurotiomycetes. Instead, more or less globose, stipitate and evanescent asci arise individually from penultimate cells of croziers and develop almost synchronously across a distinct hymenial layer derived from a richly branched network of crozier-bearing hyphae. After dissolution of the ascus wall, ascospores adhere to a membranous sheath that underlies the hymenium. These observations provide strong support for prior suggestions based on molecular phylogenetic comparisons that the Myxotrichaceae recently are derived from a helotialean ancestor. Observations of conidiogenesis show that the typical Oidiodendron anamorph is accompanied by a second conidiogenous form with ampullae and botryose clusters of blastic conidia.