Annual cycle of CO2 exchange over a reed (Phragmites australis) wetland in Northeast China

Net ecosystem exchange Of CO2 (NEE) was measured during 2005 using the eddy covariance (EC) technique over a reed (Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin. ex Steud.) wetland in Northeast China (121 degrees 54'E, 41 degrees 08'N). Diurnal NEE patterns varied markedly among months. Outside the growing season, NEE lacked a diurnal pattern and it fluctuated above zero with an average value of 0.07 mg CO2 m(-2) s(-1) resulting from soil microbial activity. During the growing season, NEE showed a distinct V-like diel course, and the mean daily NEE was -7.48 +/- 2.74 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1), ranging from -13.58 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) (July) to -0.10 g CO2 m(-2) day(-1) (October). An annual cycle was also apparent, with CO2 uptake increasing rapidly in May, peaking in July, and decreasing from August. Monthly cumulative NEE ranged from -115 +/- 24 g C m(-2) month(-1) (the reed wetland Was a CO2 sink) in July to 75 +/- 16 g C m(-2) month(-1) (CO2 source) in November. The annual CO2 balance suggests a net uptake of -65 +/- 14 g C m(-2) year(-1), mainly due to the gains in June and July. Cumulative CO2 emission during the non-growing season was 327 g C m-2, much greater than the absolute value of the annual CO2 balance, which proves the importance of the wintertime CO2 efflux at the study site. The ratio of ecosystem respiration (R-eco to gross primary productivity (GPP) for this reed ecosystem was 0.95, indicating that 95% of plant assimilation was consumed by the reed plant or supported the activities of heterotrophs in the soil. Daytime NEE values during the growing season were closely related to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (r(2) > 0.63, p < 0.01). Both maximum ecosystem photosynthesis rate (A(max)) and apparent quantum yield (alpha) were season-dependent, and reached their peak values in July (1.28 +/- 0.11 mg CO2 m(-2) s(-1), 0.098 +/- 0.027 mu mol(-1) CO2 mu mol(-1) photon, respectively), corresponding to the observed maximum NEE in July. Ecosystem respiration (R-eco) relied on temperature and soil water content, and the mean value of Q(10) was about 2.4 with monthly variation ranging from 1.8 to 4.1 during 2005. Annual methane emission from this reed ecosystem was estimated to be about 3 g C m(-2) year(-1), and about 5% of the net carbon fixed by the reed wetland was released to the atmosphere as CH4. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.