Inflammation-associated cell cycle-independent block of apoptosis by survivin in terminally differentiated neutrophils

Survivin has received great attention due to its expression in many human tumors and its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer. Survivin expression has been described to be cell cycle-dependent and restricted to the G(2)-M checkpoint, where it inhibits apoptosis in proliferating cells. In agreement with this current view, we found that survivin expression was high in immature neutrophils, which proliferate during differentiation. In contrast with miniature cells, mature neutrophils contained only little or no survivin protein. Strikingly, these cells reexpressed survivin upon granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) or granulocyte CSF stimulation in vitro and under inflammatory conditions in vivo. Moreover, survivin-deficient mature neutrophils were unable to increase their lifespan after survival factor exposure. Together, our findings demonstrate the following: (a) overexpression of survivin occurs in primary, even terminally differentiated cells and is not restricted to proliferating cells; and (b) survivin acts as an inhibitor of apoptosis protein in a cell cycle-independent manner. Therefore, survivin plays distinct and independent roles in the maintenance of the G(2)-M checkpoint and in apoptosis control, and its overexpression is not restricted to proliferating cells. These data provide new insights into the regulation and function of survivin and have important implications for the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.