Measurements of the cross wind forces on trains

The results of full-scale and wind tunnel experiments to measure the cross wind time averaged and unsteady forces and moments on trains are presented. The results demonstrate good agreement between the two sets of experiments but also illustrate the need for care in simulating local roughness effects in the wind tunnel simulation. It is also shown that quasi-steady effects need to be taken into account when calculating force and moment aerodynamic admittances. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.