Electrochromism in surface modified crystalline WO3 thin films grown by reactive DC magnetron sputtering

In the present work, tungsten oxide thin films were deposited at various oxygen chamber pressures (1.0-5.0 x 10(-3) mbar) by maintaining the sputtering power density and argon pressure constant at 3.0 W/cm(2) and 1.2 x 10(-2) mbar, respectively. The role of surface morphology and porosity on the electrochromic properties of crystalline tungsten oxide thin films has been investigated. XRD and Raman studies reveal that all the samples post annealed at 450 degrees C in air for 3.0 h settle in monoclinic crystal system of tungsten oxide (W18O49). Though the phase of material is indifferent to oxygen pressure variations (P-O2), morphology and film density shows a striking dependence on P-O2. A systematic study on plasma (OES), morphology, optical and electrochromic properties of crystalline tungsten oxide reveal that the films deposited at P-O2 of 2.0 x 10(-3) mbar exhibit better coloration efficiency (58 cm(2)/C), electron/ion capacity (Qc: -25 mC/cm(2)), and reversibility (92%). This is attributed to the enhanced surface properties like high density of pores and fine particulates (100 nm) and to lesser bulk density of the film (rho/rho(o) = 0.84) which facilitates the process of intercalation/de-intercalation of protons and electrons. These results show good promise toward stable and efficient crystalline tungsten oxide based electrochromic device applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.