Journal
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
Volume 257, Issue 21, Pages 9094-9102Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.05.106
Keywords
Electrodeposition; Ionic liquid; Nickel coating; Brightener; Nanocrystalline; Nucleation/growth
Categories
Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China [2007CB613701]
- Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist [08XD14020]
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation [0502]
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Pure nickel (Ni) was electrodeposited onto a copper (Cu) substrate from choline chloride-urea (1: 2 molar ratio) eutectic-based ionic liquid (1: 2 ChCl-urea IL) with 0-1200 mg/L additions of nicotinic acid (NA). The effect of NA on the voltammetric behavior of Ni (II) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, whilst the nucleation/growth of Ni deposits was studied by chronoamperometry. The resultant surface morphologies and microstructures of the Ni coatings were revealed by SEM/EDXS, XRD and TEM, demonstrating that NA can inhibit, hence tailor, the Ni deposition and serve as a very effective brightener producing highly uniform and smooth Ni deposits. The nucleation/growth process of Ni was not affected by the presence of NA, proceeding via three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation. NA has a profound grain refining effect with a grain size of similar to 4.2 nm achievable. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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