In vitro antioxidative effects and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of seven hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives in green coffee beans

Seven kinds of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives identified as 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 4-caffeolyquinic acid (4-CQA), 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 5-feruloylquinic acid (5-FOA), 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-diCQA), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), and 4,5-dicaffoylquinic acid (4,5-diCQA) by MS, H-1 NMR, and HPLC analyses were isolated from low-quality (immature) and commercial quality green coffee beans. The quantity of chlorogenic acid isomers (10.4 g/100 g), especially 5-CQA, in commercial green coffee beans [West Indische Bereiding (West India processing beans from Sumatra Island, Indonesia, WIB)] was higher than that in low-quality beans [9.1 g/100 g, Eerste Kwaliteit (Export low-quality beans from Java Island, Indonesia, EK-1, grade 4)], whereas little difference in diCQAs was detected between the two kinds of beans. The free radical scavenging activity of these isolates was evaluated in assay systems using DPPH free radicals and superoxide anion radicals generated by xanthine-XOD. The diCQAs showed strong (1.0-1.8-fold) free radical scavenging activity compared to commonly used antioxidants such as (x-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The potency order of superoxide anion radical scavenging activity was diCQAs > caffeic acid, CQAs > 5-FQA. The activities of the diCQAs were twice as effective as those of CQAs and 4 times as effective as that of 5-FQA. The diCQAs also exhibited more potent (2.0-2.2-fold) tyrosinase inhibitory activities compared to CQAs, arbutin, and ascorbic acid. The isolates exhibited antiproliferation activities in four cancer cell lines, U937, KB, MCF7, and WI38-VA. Among these, KB cells