Journal
SEMINARS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 257-275Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2004.08.005
Keywords
immunoglobulins; antibody class switch recombination; somatic hypermutation; AID; IgH gene loci
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Funding
- NHGRI NIH HHS [HG02526] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAID NIH HHS [AI23283] Funding Source: Medline
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This review discusses evolution of the process of Ig heavy chain class switching, relating it to the first appearance of somatic hypermutation (SHM) of variable region genes. First, we discuss recent findings on the mechanism of class switch recombination (CSR) in mice and humans, and then review the mechanisms of expression of Ig heavy chain isotypes from fishes to mammals. Importantly, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is essential for CSR and somatic hypermutation, is found in fishes. Although at least some fishes are likely to undergo SHM, CSR is highly unlikely to occur in this group. We discuss the first appearance of CSR in amphibians and how it differs in birds and mammals. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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