Network integration of the adrenergic system in cardiac hypertrophy

Adrenergic receptors play a pivotal role in regulating cardiac function in response to a constantly changing environment. Altered alpha and beta adrenergic receptor signaling in vivo is associated with cardiac hypertrophy and failure. This review focuses on the different roles of adrenergic receptors in regulating cardiac function under normal and pathological conditions. Understanding the signaling mechanisms of these receptors in the context of the heart is likely to provide a better therapeutic approach towards treatment of heart failure. (C) 2004 European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.