Journal
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
Volume 70, Issue 2, Pages 153-226Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0
Keywords
denitrification; fertilizer; fossil fuel combustion; haber-bosch; nitrogen; nitrogen fixation
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This paper contrasts the natural and anthropogenic controls on the conversion of unreactive N-2 to more reactive forms of nitrogen (Nr). A variety of data sets are used to construct global N budgets for 1860 and the early 1990s and to make projections for the global N budget in 2050. Regional N budgets for Asia, North America, and other major regions for the early 1990s, as well as the marine N budget, are presented to highlight the dominant fluxes of nitrogen in each region. Important findings are that human activities increasingly dominate the N budget at the global and at most regional scales, the terrestrial and open ocean N budgets are essentially disconnected, and the fixed forms of N are accumulating in most environmental reservoirs. The largest uncertainties in our understanding of the N budget at most scales are the rates of natural biological nitrogen fixation, the amount of Nr storage in most environmental reservoirs, and the production rates of N-2 by denitrification.
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