Journal
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 70, Issue 9, Pages 5644-5650Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5644-5650.2004
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We monitored the dynamic changes in the bacterial population in milk associated with refrigeration. Direct analyses of DNA by using temporal temperature gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) allowed us to make accurate species assignments for bacteria with low-GC-content (low-GC%) (<55%) and medium- or high-GC% (>55%) genomes, respectively. We examined raw milk samples before and after 24-h conservation at 4degreesC. Bacterial identification was facilitated by comparison with an extensive bacterial reference database (similar to150 species) that we established with DNA fragments of pure bacterial strains. Cloning and sequencing of fragments missing from the database were used to achieve complete species identification. Considerable evolution of bacterial populations occurred during conservation at 4degreesC. TTGE and DGGE are shown to be a powerful tool for identifying the main bacterial species of the raw milk samples and for monitoring changes in bacterial populations during conservation at 4degreesC. The emergence of psychrotrophic bacteria such as Listeria spp. or Aeromonas hydrophila is demonstrated.
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