Biology and management of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Homoptera:Aphididae), in sorghum:: a review

The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897) is a key pest on sorghum and sugarcane in many areas of Africa, Asia, Australia, the Far East, and parts of Central and South America. The status of research of its geographical distribution, host range, nature of damage, extent of crop losses, and ecobiology in sorghum is summarized and research programs in different countries are reviewed. Numerous germplasm accessions, A/B- and R-lines, agronomic elite lines, hybrids, and varieties, identified as sources of resistance providing genetic diversity from different countries are listed. Studies on the components of resistance showed the predominance of antixenosis for colonization/establishment on IS 1144C, IS 12664C, and TAM 428, and antibiosis was observed on IS 12609C, IS 12664C, and TAM 428 for least number of days to reproduction, greater mortality, shorter longevity, and production of no or fewer nymphs. The morpho-physiological traits and biochemical factors associated with resistance have been discussed. There is a significant decline in diastase activity but increase in crude fiber and carbohydrates in the grain due to infestation by M. sacchari. It is a vector of three persistent viruses (millet red leaf, sugarcane yellow leaf, and sugarcane mosaic viruses). Among the control tactics, cultural practices, natural enemies, and chemical control together can prevent the sugarcane aphid from reaching the economic threshold levels. Current progress has been reviewed and ideas for future research are suggested. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.