Spectral index and quasi-periodic oscillation frequency correlation in black hole sources: Observational evidence of two phases and phase transition in black holes

Recent studies have shown that strong correlations are observed between the low frequencies ( 1 - 10 Hz) of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) and the spectral power law index of several black hole (BH) candidate sources, in low ( hard) states, steep power law ( soft) states, and transitions between these states. The observations indicate that the X-ray spectra of such state (phases) show the presence of a power-law component and are sometimes related to simultaneous radio emission, indicating the probable presence of a jet. Strong QPOs (> 20% rms) are present in the power density spectrum in the spectral range where the power-law component is dominant (i.e., 60% - 90%). This evidence contradicts the dominant, long-standing interpretation of QPOs as a signature of the thermal accretion disk. We present the data from the literature and our own data to illustrate the dominance of power-law index - QPO frequency correlations. We provide a model that identifies and explains the origin of the QPOs and how they are imprinted on the properties of the power-law flux component. We argue for the existence of a bounded compact coronal region that is a natural consequence of the adjustment of the Keplerian disk flow to the innermost sub-Keplerian boundary conditions near the central object and that ultimately leads to the formation of a transition layer (TL) between the adjustment radius and the innermost boundary. The model predicts two phases or states dictated by the photon upscattering produced in the TL: (1) a hard state, in which the TL is optically thin and very hot (kT greater than or similar to 50 keV), producing photon upscattering via thermal Comptonization ( the photon spectrum index Gamma similar to 1.7 for this state is dictated by gravitational energy release and Compton cooling in an optically thin shock near the adjustment radius), and ( 2) a soft state that is optically thick and relatively cold (kT less than or similar to 5 keV; the index for this state, Gamma similar to 2.8, is determined by soft-photon upscattering and photon trapping in a converging flow into the BH). In the TL model for the corona, the QPO frequency nu(high) is related to the gravitational (close to Keplerian) frequency nu(K) at the outer (adjustment) radius and nu(low) is related to the TL's normal mode (magnetoacoustic) oscillation frequency nu(MA). The observed correlations between index and low and high QPO frequencies are readily explained in terms of this model. We also suggest a new method for evaluation of the BH mass using the index-frequency correlation.