Social variables predict between-subject but not day-to-day variation in the testosterone of US men

Previous research has shown lower testosterone (T) levels associated with involvement in committed, romantic relationships (paired men) and paternal care in eight studies of North American men. An unanswered question is whether differences in mate T levels associated with relationship status better reflect state (e.g., a man has lower T levels because he is involved in a relationship) or trait (e.g., low T men are more inclined toward such relationships) effects. Toward addressing this question, this paper presents data on mate salivary T levels among a sample of 65 men varying in marital and parental status. Subjects collected saliva samples (at approximately waking, 17:00 and 21:00 h) and filled out questionnaires concerning their activities on four days. Each subject collected samples in two settings that varied in social interactions: for unmarried men, two working and two non-working days; for married non-fathers, two days spent mostly with their wives and two days spent mostly away from their wives; and for married fathers, two days spent mostly with their young children and two days spent mostly away from their children. Analyses revealed no significant within-subject T differences between these different conditions. However, between-group analyses revealed that married men had lower evening T levels than unmarried men, corroborating existing North American studies of mate T and relationship status. These results suggest that day-to-day differences in social interactions may not be associated with differences in T levels, and tend further support to the growing body of evidence that hormone-behavior effect sizes may be greater in the afternoon and evening than in the morning. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.