Effects of systematic errors in blood pressure measurements on the diagnosis of hypertension

Methods We fitted regression curves to distributions of diastolic and systolic BID from recent Canadian and UK surveys and calculated the effect of systematic measurement errors on changes in the numbers of patients who would be classified hypertensive at thresholds of 85, 90 and 95 mmHg diastolic and 140 and 160 mmHg systolic pressure respectively. Results Overestimation of diastolic BP by 5 mmHg increases the number of patients whose diastolic BP exceeds 85, 90 and 95 mmHg by 102,132 and 166% respectively. Equivalent underestimation causes 57, 62 and 67% respectively of hypertensive patients to be missed. If systematic error in diastolic pressure is limited to 1 mmHg the diagnosis errors are between - 15 and + 23%. Overestimation of systolic BP by 3 and 5 mmHg increases the number classified as hypertensive by 24 and 43% respectively. Equivalent underestimation causes 19 and 30% of patients with systolic hypertension to be missed. Conclusions Small systematic errors in BID measurements may cause large variations in the proportion of patients diagnosed as hypertensive. To limit over- or under-diagnosis of diastolic hypertension to approximately 20%, systematic errors in diastolic BP measurements should be limited to 1 mmHg. An uncertainty of 3 mmHg may be adequate for detecting systolic hypertension. (C) 2004 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.