Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Background: Previous studies suggested that dietary intakes affect individual risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine dietary intakes in 1181 young adults aged 19-38 y (38.1% men; 25% African Americans and 75% whites) in relation to metabolic syndrome risk factors in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Design: Participants were stratified into 3 groups according to the number of risk factors (0, 1-2, greater than or equal to3) associated with the metabolic syndrome according to the diagnostic criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program, and dietary intakes were compared between the groups with a cross-sectional analysis. Results: After adjustment for age, total energy intake, body mass index, and physical activity, mean ( SE) intakes of fruit, fruit juice, and vegetables were significantly higher in subjects who had no risk factors than in subjects who had 1-2 risk factors (3.30 +/- 0.09 compared with 2.99 +/- 0.07 servings/d; P < 0.05). The mean intake of sweetened beverages was lower in subjects who had no risk factors than in subjects who had 1-2 risk factors or greater than or equal to3 risk factors among whites (1.45 +/- 0.08 compared with 1.77 +/- 0.07 and 2.22 +/- 0.15 serving/d, respectively, in men; 1.26 +/- 0.06 compared with 1.62 +/- 0.05 and 1.78 +/- 0.13 servings/d, respectively, in women; P < 0.001) but not among African Americans. Conclusion: Our results suggest that low fruit and vegetable consumption and high sweetened beverage consumption are independently associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in specific sex-ethnicity populations.